Comparison of functional and structural properties of native and industrial process-modified proteins from long-grain indica rice

Rice proteins, as a cheap plant protein source from the by-products of rice dreg processing, could potentially replace commonly used proteins such as soy and whey proteins in selected food products. In this study, the functional properties, surface hydrophobicity (H₀), sulfhydryl and disulfide bond contents, thermal properties, as well as secondary structures of native rice endosperm protein (REP) and processed rice dreg protein (RDP) extracted from long-grain indica rice, were compared. RDP was found to have a higher solubility associated with its relatively higher emulsifying and foaming properties than REP, as well as its water/oil holding capacity, although it was a denatured protein. The emulsifying properties were dependent on the solubility and H₀, while solubility was also related to the disulfide bond contents. Distinct differences in H₀, thermal properties, and disulfide bond contents between REP and RDP could be due to the conformational changes, as the industrial processing steps in the production of rice syrups caused an increase in β-turns at the expense of β-sheets and random coils of REP, leading to the unfolding of β-sheets into higher-ordered supramolecular structures for RDP, which could be responsible for its better functional properties.     

黄曲霉毒素B1对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长及肝脏功能的影响

为研究黄曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxin B1, AFB1)对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长、肠道消化酶及肝脏功能的影响,用添加不同梯度黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)(0、50、100和200μg/kg)的4种等氮等脂配合饲料饲喂初始体质量为(6.00±0.10) g的黄颡鱼幼鱼8周。结果显示:(1)饲料中添加AFB1对黄颡鱼幼鱼的存活率、饲料系数和特定生长率等均无显著影响,但使胰蛋白酶活性显著提高,而高含量AFB1(100和200μg/kg)显著降低肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性;(2)随着AFB1添加量的上升,血清中谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性及葡萄糖、甘油三酯、总胆汁酸和总胆固醇含量显著升高,肝脏中谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性显著下降;(3) AFB1添加组的肝脏过氧化氢酶活性和丙二醛含量显著高于对照组,100和200μg/kg AFB1组超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于对照组,其余各组无显著差异;(4) AFB1添加组肝脏sod基因及炎性因子il-1β基因的相对表达量显著上调,200μg/kg AFB1组cat基因及炎性因子il-8、il-10相对表达量显著上调;(5)通过组织学观察,AFB1会引起部分肝细胞出现轻微萎缩、肝细胞核移位、细胞界限模糊和肝细胞内空泡化的现象。研究表明,在本实验条件下,饲料中AFB1含量低于200μg/kg不影响黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能,但饲料中AFB1≥50μg/kg时会影响黄颡鱼幼鱼肠道的消化吸收功能,同时引起肝脏氧化应激及炎性反应,造成肝脏功能损伤。     

考虑不确定性因素影响的污水处理工艺选择

针对不确定性多属性决策优选法在应用中存在的如何将灰数科学白化的问题,建议将多位专家意见以区间数的形式给出,利用满意区间上的专家满意的上下阈,得到所需的规范值,建立综合决策矩阵.以小区域污水处理设施的选择为例,结合小区域污水处理厂拥有多目标与目标矛盾性、稳定性和不确定性的特点,通过专家意见规范化处理,利用综合决策矩阵比较,最终获得问题的最优解.实验证明,改进的不确定性多属性决策方法既省去了烦琐的计算步骤,又降低了决策者在决策过程中承担的风险,具有较高的实用价值.     

灌水定额对玉米膜孔灌土壤水氮运移转化试验研究

为研究不同灌水定额条件下玉米膜孔灌土壤水分和氮素的运移转化特性,通过灌水定额分别为300,450,600,750m3/hm2的玉米膜孔灌施氮肥试验,提出了不同灌水定额条件下玉米膜孔灌农田土壤含水率、土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量随玉米生育时间的变化规律及其经验公式。结果表明:生育时间相同,土壤含水率随灌水定额增大而增大,土壤铵态氮含量随灌水定额增大而减小,土壤硝态氮含量随灌水定额增大而减小;灌水定额相同,土壤含水率随生育期的变化规律呈正余弦函数,土壤铵态氮含量随生育期的变化规律表现为先增大后减小,然后又增大,最后减小,土壤硝态氮含量随生育期的变化规律表现为先增大后减小,然后又增大,最后减小;不同灌水定额条件下玉米膜孔灌农田土壤含水率、土壤硝态氮和土壤铵态氮含量与玉米生育期之间的经验公式的相关系数均大于0.930 0,标准误差均很小。     

黄土坡面不同土地利用下的降雨入渗模拟与数值计算

本文基于修正的Green-Ampt方程,给出了改进的Green-Ampt模型在黄土坡面变雨强条件下入渗过程方程与数值求解的算法,结合黄土高原纸坊沟小流域实测土壤数据,借助计算教学和计算机编程,建立了变雨强降雨入渗过程软件系统,从软件系统运行结果中分析了坡耕地、草地和林地的入渗量和入渗率变化情况,以及土壤初始含水率和饱和导水率对草地和林地入渗的影响.结果表明:相同降雨情况下,林地入渗量是草地的2倍,是农地的3倍;不同土地利用下土壤入渗率变化与入渗量类同;草地入渗率对土壤初始含水率变化比较敏感,林地入渗率对土壤饱和导水率变化比较敏感.     

网室内小气候要素的变化规律

在以色列的大型香蕉种植网室内（352m×228m）,观测研究网室内小气候的变化过程、垂直分布规律以及与网室外小气候要素的关系。结果显示,网室的光透射率随着使用时间的增加而减小;网室内外小气候要素间呈线性相关关系,与网室外相比,网室内的相对湿度高、饱和水汽压差小、风速显著降低,但是温度差异较小;网室内外小气候要素（相对湿度、温度和饱和水汽压差）的差异随着风速的增加而减小;网室内冠层附近水汽密度高于近地面处的水汽密度,且出现逆温分布。     

温室内香蕉树蒸腾量预报的试验研究

在温室内研究了香蕉树蒸腾量和小气候的关系，用5种方法计算了温室内的参考作物腾发量，用20 cm蒸发皿测定温室内的水面蒸发力，并和测定的香蕉树蒸腾量进行对比。试验结果显示香蕉树蒸腾量和蒸发皿水面蒸发量的回归系数(R²)最高，为0.94，而和5种公式计算的参考作物腾发量的回归系数为0.47～0.60，以蒸发皿水面蒸发量计算温室内的作物蒸腾量要优于以参考作物腾发量计算作物蒸腾量的方法。温室内香蕉树的蒸腾量和20 cm蒸发皿蒸发量线性相关，可以此计算温室内作物的蒸腾量。     

丁香酚对烟草抗烟草花叶病毒的诱导作用初探

为探讨植物源化合物丁香酚对烟草抗烟草花叶病毒(TMV)的诱导作用,初步研究了丁香酚对接种TMV的烟草叶片中叶绿素和丙二醛(MDA)含量,防御酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性,以及病程相关蛋白基因 PR-1 、PR-3 、PR-5 表达的影响。结果表明:丁香酚处理可促进叶绿素的合成,减轻烟草体内MDA的积累,提高PAL、POD和SOD的活性,增强 PR-1 、PR-3 、PR-5 基因的表达。表明丁香酚可提高植物的诱导抗病性,进而减轻TMV对烟草的危害。     

Use of CERES-Maize to study effect of spatial precipitation variability on yield

The objective of this study was to determine the usefulness of on-farm precipitation measurement, through determining spatial and temporal precipitation variability and its effect on corn yield. CERES-Maize (DSSAT version 3.5) was used with three precipitation data sources, for an Indiana farm—an on-farm National Weather Service (NWS) station, the nearest non-urban NWS station with electronic reporting (27 km from the farm), and a weighted mean of the three nearest such stations (27–35 km away)—to simulate 31 years of crop yield on 1-ha grid cells. Described as a percentage of the mean, spatial precipitation variability among the three data sources by corn phenological phase was 21–104%, while temporal (year-to-year) variability was 20–49%. The difference in simulated yield based on spatial precipitation variability was 15.8%, while year-to-year yield variability was 21.5%. The apparent yield difference based on spatial precipitation variability was of the same order as year-to-year variability, which suggests having on-farm precipitation data may be necessary for accurate yield modeling.